🇩🇪 Deutsche Verben – Stammformen
Infinitiv · Präteritum · Partizip II · English
Infinitiv · Präteritum · Partizip II · English
Every formal grammar term explained in plain English — with examples you can actually understand.
-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en-te (lernte) · Strong verbs: vowel change (ging, kam, schrieb)haben / sein (present tense) + Partizip IIhatte / war (Präteritum of haben/sein) + Partizip IIwerden (present) + Infinitivwerden + Partizip II + haben / seinwürde + Infinitivwäre (would be), hätte (would have), könnte (could), müsste (would have to), sollte (should)hätte / wäre + Partizip II-e: er lerne, sie habe, er sei, man könne-en (or -n: wandern, tun)d + adjective ending: schlafend → schlafendege- + stem + -t → gelernt, gemachtge- + stem + -en (vowel change) → gegangen, geschriebenge- for: be-, ver-, er-, ent-, emp-, zer-, miss-, -ieren → verstanden, telefonierthaben = most verbs · sein = movement/change · werden = future + passivekönnen (can) · müssen (must) · dürfen (may) · sollen (should) · wollen (want) · mögen (like)an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, mit-, vor-, zu-, ab-, weg-, zurück-be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-der Junge, der Herr, der Student, der Kollege, der Kunde, der Mensch, der Nachbar, der ExpertePosition 2 (always!)werden (conjugated) + Partizip IIsein + Partizip IIModalverb + Partizip II + werdenmein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr + ein-word endingsda(r)- = that/it + prep · wo(r)- = what + prep · Add -r- before vowelsund · aber · oder · denn · sondernweil, dass, wenn, obwohl, als, bevor, nachdem, während, damit, ob, seitdem, bis, fallsdeshalb, trotzdem, dann, außerdem, allerdings, jedoch, deswegen, folglich, dennochentweder…oder · weder…noch · sowohl…als auch · nicht nur…sondern auch · je…destodurch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlangaus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber, außeran, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischentrotz, wegen, während, aufgrund, innerhalb, außerhalb, statt, anstatt, mithilfe, infolgedas + Infinitiv · Adjective + suffix: -heit, -keit, -ung-er · Superlativ: am + adj + -stenkein = replaces ein · nicht = negates everything elsedu: verb stem · ihr: stem + t · Sie: Infinitiv + Siehttps://quizlet.com/de/1158334977/c1-snippets-oral-exam-flash-cards/?i=8m3rz&x=1qqt
Tipp: Lerne 3–5 Fragmente pro Tag laut. Kombiniere sie frei — z.B. „Meiner Meinung nach … Hinzu kommt, dass … Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass …”
10 hochfrequente C1-Sätze zum Einprägen und Nachsprechen. Lies sie laut vor!
Rule: „sich lassen + Infinitiv” is used as an alternative to the passive voice with modal meaning (“can be done”). It expresses that something is possible.
Rule: The verb „bedürfen” (to require/need) is a formal C1-level verb that takes the Genitiv case. Very common in academic and formal writing.
Rule: „Angesichts” is a Genitiv preposition meaning “in view of / given / considering.” Frequently used in news and formal argumentation.
Rule: To express an unreal condition in the past, use „hätte/wäre + Partizip II” in both the wenn-Satz and the Hauptsatz. In formal style, „hätte” can be placed first (inversion) instead of using „wenn.”
Rule: This is a two-part conjunction (zweiteilige Konjunktion) meaning “both … and.” It connects two parallel elements.
Rule: „Indem” introduces a subordinate clause describing the method/means by which something happens (“by doing X”). Verb goes to the end.
Rule: This comparative structure expresses a proportional relationship. After „je” the verb goes to the end (subordinate clause); after „desto/umso” the verb comes in second position (inversion).
Rule: In formal written German (news, reports, academic texts), Konjunktiv I is used for indirect speech to show reported statements. „sei” is the Konjunktiv I form of „sein.”
| Deutsch | Artikel | English |
|---|---|---|
| leugnen | — | to deny |
| die Digitalisierung | die | digitalization |
| tiefgreifend | — | profound, far-reaching |
| die Veränderung, -en | die | change |
| vielversprechend | — | promising |
| bedürfen (+ Gen.) | — | to require, to need |
| die Untersuchung, -en | die | investigation, examination |
| die Lebenshaltungskosten (Pl.) | Pl. | cost of living |
| die Anpassung, -en | die | adjustment, adaptation |
| der Mindestlohn, -löhne | der | minimum wage |
| abwendbar | — | avoidable, preventable |
| die Zustimmung | die | approval, agreement |
| heftig | — | fierce, intense |
| seitens (+ Gen.) | — | on the part of, from |
| erneuerbar | — | renewable |
| die Emission, -en | die | emission |
| zunehmend | — | increasingly |
| die Bemühung, -en | die | effort, endeavour |
| bislang | — | so far, up to now |
| einheitlich | — | unified, uniform |
| sich auseinandersetzen mit | — | to engage with, to deal with |
| das Umdenken | das | rethinking, change of mindset |
| die Bildungspolitik | die | education policy |
| unerlässlich | — | indispensable, essential |
https://quizlet.com/de/1157425954/daily-booster-day-1-vocab-flash-cards/?new
Set 2 — C1 Writing & Speaking Focus · German Tadka Vocabulary Series
🎓 Academic Argument & Opinion
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Argument | Argument | Identical! Core essay word |
| die These | Thesis | Drop the “i” → “e” |
| die Konklusion | Conclusion | Same root |
| das Konzept | Concept | Drop the “pt” → “pt” |
| die Perspektive | Perspective | Very close |
| die Hypothese | Hypothesis | Same root |
| die Prämisse | Premise | Same root |
| das Paradox | Paradox | Identical! |
| relevant | Relevant | Identical! |
| kontrovers | Controversial | Shorter in German |
⚖️ Society & Ethics
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Ethik | Ethics | Drop the “s” |
| die Moral | Morality / Moral | Identical! |
| die Norm | Norm | Identical! |
| die Integration | Integration | Identical! |
| die Migration | Migration | Identical! |
| die Emanzipation | Emancipation | Identical! |
| die Diskriminierung | Discrimination | Same root |
| die Solidarität | Solidarity | Same root |
| die Transparenz | Transparency | Same root |
| die Korruption | Corruption | Identical! |
💼 Economy & Work
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Inflation | Inflation | Identical! |
| die Investition | Investment | Same root |
| die Konkurrenz | Competition | Same root |
| die Produktivität | Productivity | Same root |
| die Kompetenz | Competence | Very close |
| der Markt | Market | Drop the “et” |
| der Konsum | Consumption | Shortened |
| das Kapital | Capital | Identical! |
| das Potenzial | Potential | Very close |
| ökonomisch | Economic | Same root |
🌿 Environment & Climate
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Klima | Climate | Drop the “te” |
| die Emission | Emission | Identical! |
| die Ressource | Resource | Very close |
| die Nachhaltigkeit | Sustainability | Longer in German but same idea |
| der Klimawandel | Climate change | Compound noun |
| die Katastrophe | Catastrophe | Same root |
| die Biodiversität | Biodiversity | Identical! |
| der Konsument | Consumer | Same root |
| ökologisch | Ecological | Same root |
| regenerativ | Regenerative | Drop the “e” |
🧠 Psychology & Mind
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Psychologie | Psychology | Same root |
| die Motivation | Motivation | Identical! |
| die Emotion | Emotion | Identical! |
| die Frustration | Frustration | Identical! |
| die Depression | Depression | Identical! |
| das Trauma | Trauma | Identical! |
| die Intuition | Intuition | Identical! |
| der Instinkt | Instinct | Very close |
| emotional | Emotional | Identical! |
| rational | Rational | Identical! |
🚀 Digital & Innovation
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Digitalisierung | Digitalisation | Same root |
| die Automatisierung | Automation | Same root |
| die Transformation | Transformation | Identical! |
| die Innovation | Innovation | Identical! |
| die Plattform | Platform | Very close |
| der Algorithmus | Algorithm | Same root |
| die Simulation | Simulation | Identical! |
| das Netzwerk | Network | Direct calque |
| virtuell | Virtual | Drop the “al” → “ell” |
| innovativ | Innovative | Drop the “e” |
🏥 Health & Medicine
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Pandemie | Pandemic | Same root |
| die Prävention | Prevention | Same root |
| die Rehabilitation | Rehabilitation | Identical! |
| die Diagnose | Diagnosis | Same root |
| die Medikation | Medication | Identical! |
| das Risiko | Risk | Italian/Latin root |
| die Mutation | Mutation | Identical! |
| der Impfstoff | Vaccine | “Impf” = vaccinate + “Stoff” = substance |
| chronisch | Chronic | Very close |
| intensiv | Intensive | Drop the “e” |
🏛️ Law & Institutions
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Institution | Institution | Identical! |
| die Konstitution | Constitution | Identical! |
| die Regulation | Regulation | Identical! |
| die Legitimität | Legitimacy | Same root |
| die Sanktion | Sanction | Identical! |
| der Konflikt | Conflict | Identical! |
| der Konsens | Consensus | Drop the “sus” → “s” |
| das Prinzip | Principle | Same root |
| legal | Legal | Identical! |
| neutral | Neutral | Identical! Great for C1 essays |
🌐 Culture & Identity
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Identität | Identity | Same root |
| die Diversität | Diversity | Same root |
| die Mentalität | Mentality | Same root |
| die Ambivalenz | Ambivalence | Same root |
| die Assimilation | Assimilation | Identical! |
| der Kontext | Context | Identical! |
| der Stereotyp | Stereotype | Drop the “e” |
| das Symbol | Symbol | Identical! |
| multikulturell | Multicultural | Same root |
| interkulturell | Intercultural | Same root |
✍️ C1 Power Adjectives & Adverbs
| Deutsch | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| komplex | Complex | Identical! |
| abstrakt | Abstract | Identical! |
| konstruktiv | Constructive | Drop the “e” |
| progressiv | Progressive | Drop the “e” |
| konservativ | Conservative | Drop the “e” |
| substanziell | Substantial | Same root |
| fundamental | Fundamental | Identical! |
| signifikant | Significant | Same root |
| evident | Evident | Identical! |
| kritisch | Critical | Same root |
A vocabulary boost for English speakers learning Deutsch
🎵 Music & Arts
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Musik | Music | Almost identical! |
| das Theater | Theatre | Just drop the “re” |
| die Gitarre | Guitar | One letter off |
| das Piano | Piano | Identical! |
| die Melodie | Melody | Very close |
| der Rhythmus | Rhythm | Same root |
| das Konzert | Concert | Near identical |
| die Kunst | Art (archaic) | Shared Germanic root |
| die Galerie | Gallery | One vowel shift |
| das Museum | Museum | Identical! |
😄 Personality & Social
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| der Humor | Humour | Identical! |
| sozial | Social | One letter off |
| aktiv | Active | Drop the “e” |
| kreativ | Creative | Drop “e” |
| nervös | Nervous | Same feel |
| intelligent | Intelligent | Identical! |
| tolerant | Tolerant | Identical! |
| normal | Normal | Identical! |
| positiv | Positive | Drop the “e” |
| negativ | Negative | Drop the “e” |
🌍 Society & Politics
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Demokratie | Democracy | Same root |
| die Politik | Politics | Drop the “s” |
| die Kultur | Culture | Drop the “e” |
| die Nation | Nation | Identical! |
| die Revolution | Revolution | Identical! |
| die Organisation | Organisation | Identical! |
| die Diskussion | Discussion | Identical! |
| die Kritik | Critique | Same root |
| die Tradition | Tradition | Identical! |
| die Globalisierung | Globalisation | Same root |
💻 Technology & Science
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Internet | Internet | Identical! |
| das Handy | Mobile phone | false friend — not “handy”! |
| der Computer | Computer | Identical! |
| die App | App | Identical! |
| das System | System | Identical! |
| die Technologie | Technology | Very close |
| die Energie | Energy | “y” → “ie” |
| das Labor | Laboratory | Shortened form |
| die Theorie | Theory | Same root |
| das Experiment | Experiment | Identical! |
🍕 Food & Lifestyle
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Restaurant | Restaurant | Identical! |
| der Kaffee | Coffee | Very close |
| das Hotel | Hotel | Identical! |
| die Pizza | Pizza | Identical! |
| der Salat | Salad | Drop the “d” |
| das Steak | Steak | Identical! |
| die Bar | Bar | Identical! |
| das Café | Café | Identical! |
| der Alkohol | Alcohol | Identical! |
| das Dessert | Dessert | Identical! |
🏋️ Health & Body
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Fitness | Fitness | Identical! |
| der Sport | Sport | Identical! |
| die Diät | Diet | Same root |
| das Vitamin | Vitamin | Identical! |
| das Symptom | Symptom | Identical! |
| die Therapie | Therapy | Same root |
| das Virus | Virus | Identical! |
| die Allergie | Allergy | Same root |
| der Stress | Stress | Identical! |
| das Training | Training | Identical! |
✈️ Travel & Places
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| der Tourist | Tourist | Identical! |
| die Adresse | Address | Very close |
| das Taxi | Taxi | Identical! |
| der Bus | Bus | Identical! |
| das Ticket | Ticket | Identical! |
| der Pass | Passport | Shortened in German |
| die Kontrolle | Control | Same root |
| das Terminal | Terminal | Identical! |
| der Park | Park | Identical! |
| die Route | Route | Identical! |
📚 Education & Work
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| die Universität | University | Same root |
| das Seminar | Seminar | Identical! |
| das Diplom | Diploma | Very close |
| der Professor | Professor | Identical! |
| das Büro | Bureau / Office | Same root |
| das Projekt | Project | Drop the “c” |
| die Präsentation | Presentation | Identical! |
| das Dokument | Document | Identical! |
| die Analyse | Analysis | Same root |
| die Strategie | Strategy | Same root |
🎬 Media & Entertainment
| Deutsch (with article) | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| das Kino | Cinema | Short form |
| der Film | Film | Identical! |
| das Radio | Radio | Identical! |
| die Serie | Series | Very close |
| der Blog | Blog | Identical! |
| das Podcast | Podcast | Identical! |
| das Video | Video | Identical! |
| die Komödie | Comedy | Same root |
| das Drama | Drama | Identical! |
| die Regie | Direction (film) | Same root |
💬 Common Adjectives
| Deutsch | English | Note |
|---|---|---|
| modern | Modern | Identical! |
| elegant | Elegant | Identical! |
| brutal | Brutal | Identical! |
| exakt | Exact | Near identical |
| direkt | Direct | Very close |
| formal | Formal | Identical! |
| global | Global | Identical! |
| neutral | Neutral | Identical! |
| digital | Digital | Identical! |
| optimal | Optimal | Identical! |
The complete guide to Pronominaladverbien — how cases, prepositions, and word order all connect
In English, you can say “I’m thinking about it” or “What are you waiting for?” — the preposition stays separate from the pronoun. German does something different. Instead of saying für das or auf was, German fuses the preposition into a single word.
These fused words are called Pronominaladverbien, and there are three families:
Think of it like this: da- replaces something already mentioned (like English “it/that”), wo- asks a question about it (like “what?”), and hier- refers to something present right here.
↑ back to topNot every preposition can form a Pronominaladverb. Here are the ones that do:
| Preposition | da- | wo- | hier- | Needs -r-? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| an | daran | woran | hieran | ✅ yes |
| auf | darauf | worauf | hierauf | ✅ yes |
| aus | daraus | woraus | hieraus | ✅ yes |
| bei | dabei | wobei | hierbei | ❌ no |
| durch | dadurch | wodurch | hierdurch | ❌ no |
| für | dafür | wofür | hierfür | ❌ no |
| gegen | dagegen | wogegen | hiergegen | ❌ no |
| in | darin | worin | hierin | ✅ yes* |
| mit | damit | womit | hiermit | ❌ no |
| nach | danach | wonach | hiernach | ❌ no |
| über | darüber | worüber | hierüber | ✅ yes |
| um | darum | worum | hierum | ✅ yes |
| unter | darunter | worunter | hierunter | ✅ yes |
| von | davon | wovon | hiervon | ❌ no |
| vor | davor | wovor | hiervor | ❌ no |
| zu | dazu | wozu | hierzu | ❌ no |
| zwischen | dazwischen | wozwischen | — | ❌ no |
These prepositions cannot form Pronominaladverbien: seit, bis, außer, gegenüber, ohne, statt, trotz, während, wegen. For these, you keep the preposition and pronoun separate: trotz dessen, ohne das.
↑ back to topHere’s every Pronominaladverb you’ll need, organized by preposition, with English meanings:
| Prep | da(r)- = that/it | wo(r)- = what? | Example Verb Pairing |
|---|---|---|---|
| an | daran at/on that |
woran at/on what? |
denken an, arbeiten an, sich erinnern an |
| auf | darauf on that / for that |
worauf on what? / for what? |
warten auf, sich freuen auf, achten auf |
| aus | daraus out of that |
woraus out of what? |
bestehen aus, resultieren aus |
| für | dafür for that |
wofür for what? |
sich interessieren für, sorgen für, danken für |
| mit | damit with that |
womit with what? |
anfangen mit, rechnen mit, sich beschäftigen mit |
| über | darüber about that |
worüber about what? |
sprechen über, sich freuen über, nachdenken über |
| um | darum about that |
worum about what? |
sich kümmern um, bitten um, es geht um |
| von | davon of/from that |
wovon of/from what? |
abhängen von, träumen von, erzählen von |
| vor | davor before/of that |
wovor before/of what? |
Angst haben vor, warnen vor, sich fürchten vor |
| zu | dazu to/for that |
wozu to/for what? |
gehören zu, beitragen zu, führen zu |
This is the key insight: the verb’s fixed preposition determines which da-/wo- word you use. You don’t choose the preposition — the verb dictates it.
Every time you want to form a Pronominaladverb, follow this chain:
When you use a da-/wo- word, the case seems to disappear — there’s no visible article or ending. But the case is still there, embedded inside the preposition’s grammar. Understanding this helps you avoid errors, especially with Wechselpräpositionen.
For prepositions that always take one case, the da-/wo- word automatically carries that case:
| Preposition | Always Takes | da- Word | Hidden Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| für | Akkusativ | dafür | = für das (Akk) |
| durch | Akkusativ | dadurch | = durch das (Akk) |
| gegen | Akkusativ | dagegen | = gegen das (Akk) |
| um | Akkusativ | darum | = um das (Akk) |
| mit | Dativ | damit | = mit dem (Dat) |
| von | Dativ | davon | = von dem (Dat) |
| nach | Dativ | danach | = nach dem (Dat) |
| bei | Dativ | dabei | = bei dem (Dat) |
| zu | Dativ | dazu | = zu dem (Dat) |
| vor | Dativ* | davor | = vor dem (Dat) — with verbs of emotion |
When you “unpack” a da- word back into preposition + noun (e.g., when referring to a person), you need the correct case:
The ihn is Akkusativ because denken an takes Akkusativ. If you know the case hidden inside daran, you can always unpack it correctly for people.
↑ back to tophier- words refer to something right here, present, or just introduced — often used in formal writing and official documents. They’re less common in everyday speech but appear frequently in C1 texts and business German.
This is the rule that trips up most learners: da-/wo- words are only for things, ideas, and abstract concepts — NEVER for people. When referring to a person, keep the preposition and pronoun separate.
At C1 level, one of the most important uses of da- words is as a placeholder that points forward to a subordinate clause. The da- word says “something is coming” and the clause after it fills in the details.
The two-way prepositions (an, auf, in, über, unter, vor, hinter, neben, zwischen) can take either Akkusativ or Dativ. When they become da-/wo- words, the case depends on the verb’s fixed preposition:
| Verb + Prep | Case | da-Word | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| warten auf | Akk | darauf | Ich warte darauf. → auf das (Akk) |
| bestehen auf | Dat | darauf | Er besteht darauf. → auf dem (Dat) |
| denken an | Akk | daran | Ich denke daran. → an das (Akk) |
| teilnehmen an | Dat | daran | Er nimmt daran teil. → an dem (Dat) |
| sich freuen über | Akk | darüber | Sie freut sich darüber. → über das (Akk) |
| sich ärgern über | Akk | darüber | Ich ärgere mich darüber. → über das (Akk) |
To use da-/wo- words correctly, you must know which preposition each verb takes. Here are the most common pairs at C1 level, organized by preposition:
| Prep | Case | Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| an | Akk | denken an | to think of |
| Akk | sich erinnern an | to remember | |
| Akk | sich gewöhnen an | to get used to | |
| Dat | arbeiten an | to work on | |
| Dat | teilnehmen an | to participate in | |
| auf | Akk | warten auf | to wait for |
| Akk | sich freuen auf | to look forward to | |
| Akk | achten auf | to pay attention to | |
| Akk | sich verlassen auf | to rely on | |
| für | Akk | sich interessieren für | to be interested in |
| Akk | sorgen für | to take care of | |
| Akk | sich entscheiden für | to decide on | |
| über | Akk | sprechen über | to talk about |
| Akk | sich freuen über | to be happy about | |
| Akk | nachdenken über | to reflect on | |
| um | Akk | bitten um | to ask for |
| Akk | sich kümmern um | to take care of | |
| Akk | es geht um | it’s about | |
| von | Dat | abhängen von | to depend on |
| Dat | träumen von | to dream of | |
| Dat | überzeugt sein von | to be convinced of | |
| mit | Dat | anfangen mit | to start with |
| Dat | rechnen mit | to expect / count on | |
| Dat | sich beschäftigen mit | to deal with | |
| vor | Dat | Angst haben vor | to be afraid of |
| Dat | warnen vor | to warn about | |
| zu | Dat | gehören zu | to belong to |
| Dat | beitragen zu | to contribute to |
Pronominaladverbien appear in almost every section of the telc C1 exam. Here’s where they show up and how to handle them:
You’ll encounter da- words as cohesion devices in texts. The exam tests whether you can figure out what the da- word refers back to. Strategy: find the noun/idea in the previous sentence that the da- word replaces.
Multiple-choice questions often give you options like: darauf / dafür / darüber / daran. The trick: identify the verb, find its fixed preposition, and the answer reveals itself.
Use da-/wo- constructions to build complex sentences and score higher on “grammatische Korrektheit” and “Ausdrucksfähigkeit”:
In the discussion section, use wo- words to ask follow-up questions and da- words to refer back to your partner’s points:
Test yourself! Fill in the correct da- or wo- word. Answers are below each question.
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